Resumo O objetivo deste estudo compreende na utilização de resíduos sólidos industriais quanto à melhoria das propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos cimentícios. Para tanto, foi avaliado a incorporação do pó de “brita” granítica e pó de mármore na confecção de compósitos à base de cimento, substituindo parcialmente o agregado miúdo natural em teores de 50% e 100%. Para isso, foram realizados ensaios de caracterização dos agregados, além da avaliação da resistência à compressão axial dos corpos-de-prova. Os resultados evidenciaram que as misturas contendo 50% de agregado reciclado confere ao material uma resistência à compressão de 29,09 MPa, ou seja, 4% superior quando comparado com as misturas de referência, tornando os resultados satisfatórios, demonstrando a viabilidade dos agregados reciclados em peças de concreto.

Abstract The objective of this study comprises the use of industrial solid waste in terms of improving the mechanical properties of cement composites. Therefore, the incorporation of granitic “crushed” powder and marble powder in the manufacture of cement-based composites was evaluated, partially replacing the natural fine aggregate at levels of 50% and 100%. For that, tests were carried out to characterize the aggregates, in addition to the evaluation of the axial compressive strength of the specimens. The results showed that the mixtures containing 50% of recycled aggregate give the material a compressive strength of 29.09 MPa, that is, 4% higher when compared to the reference mixtures, making the results satisfactory, demonstrating the viability of recycled aggregates on concrete pieces.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio incluye el uso de residuos industriales sólidos para mejorar las propiedades mecánicas de los composites cementicios. Para ello, se evaluó la incorporación de polvo de grava de granito y polvo de mármol en la fabricación de composites cementosos, sustituyendo parcialmente el árido fino natural en niveles del 50% y del 100%. Para ello, se realizaron ensayos de caracterización de los áridos, además de la evaluación de la resistencia a compresión axial de las probetas. Los resultados mostraron que las mezclas que contenían 50% de agregado reciclado dieron al material una resistencia a la compresión de 29,09 MPa, es decir, un 4% mayor en comparación con las mezclas de referencia, por lo que los resultados fueron satisfactorios, demostrando la viabilidad de los agregados reciclados en las piezas de hormigón.

Resumo Usando dados do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil para cinco causa de mortes, e num período de 17 anos, aplicamos modelos espaço-temporais Bayesianos em 644 municípios do estado de São Paulo, utilizando um modelo logístico binário que especifica se o óbito foi (ou não) de uma determinada causa. Modelamos os efeitos temporais da mortalidade com B-splines, e os componentes espaciais foram estimados através de campos aleatórios de Gaussiano e Markov. Simulamos a inferência estatística com Monte Carlo via cadeias de Markov. Os resultados demonstraram tendência consistente de queda nas mortes por doenças infecciosas e causas externas, enquanto mortes por neoplasias e doenças respiratórias aumentaram no tempo. Cardiovascular foi a única causa de morte constante no tempo. As causas de morte apresentaram variações espaciais e temporais entre os municípios, com consideráveis mudanças em anos sucessivos. A mortalidade por doenças infecciosas se concentrou nos municípios do noroeste do estado em 2000, mas mudou para a parte sudeste em 2016, um desenvolvimento semelhante as causas externas de morte. Este estudo identificou áreas com maior e menor chances de morte entre diferentes causas, e pode ser útil no monitoramento de doenças, especialmente se considerarmos pequenas unidades espaciais.

Abstract Using five cause-specific mortality data sourced by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and over 17 years period, we applied Bayesian spatio-temporal models on 644 municipalities of the state of São Paulo, using logistic model to the binary outcome that specifies whether or not the death was from a specific cause. We modeled the temporal mortality effects using B-splines, while the spatial components were considered through Gaussian and Markov random field, and inference was based on Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. The results demonstrate consistent downward trend in mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases and external causes, while those from neoplasms and respiratory are rising. Cardiovascular is the only cause-specific death that is kept constant in time. All the causes of death considered show heterogeneous spatial and temporal variations among the municipalities, which sometimes change considerably within successive years. Mortality from infectious diseases clustered around the Northwestern municipalities in 2000, but changes to the Southeastern part in 2016, a similar development as external death causes. The study identifies areas with increased and decreased odds mortality and could be useful in disease monitoring, especially if we consider small spatial units.

Resumo Usando dados do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil para cinco causa de mortes, e num período de 17 anos, aplicamos modelos espaço-temporais Bayesianos em 644 municípios do estado de São Paulo, utilizando um modelo logístico binário que especifica se o óbito foi (ou não) de uma determinada causa. Modelamos os efeitos temporais da mortalidade com B-splines, e os componentes espaciais foram estimados através de campos aleatórios de Gaussiano e Markov. Simulamos a inferência estatística com Monte Carlo via cadeias de Markov. Os resultados demonstraram tendência consistente de queda nas mortes por doenças infecciosas e causas externas, enquanto mortes por neoplasias e doenças respiratórias aumentaram no tempo. Cardiovascular foi a única causa de morte constante no tempo. As causas de morte apresentaram variações espaciais e temporais entre os municípios, com consideráveis mudanças em anos sucessivos. A mortalidade por doenças infecciosas se concentrou nos municípios do noroeste do estado em 2000, mas mudou para a parte sudeste em 2016, um desenvolvimento semelhante as causas externas de morte. Este estudo identificou áreas com maior e menor chances de morte entre diferentes causas, e pode ser útil no monitoramento de doenças, especialmente se considerarmos pequenas unidades espaciais.

Abstract Using five cause-specific mortality data sourced by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and over 17 years period, we applied Bayesian spatio-temporal models on 644 municipalities of the state of São Paulo, using logistic model to the binary outcome that specifies whether or not the death was from a specific cause. We modeled the temporal mortality effects using B-splines, while the spatial components were considered through Gaussian and Markov random field, and inference was based on Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. The results demonstrate consistent downward trend in mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases and external causes, while those from neoplasms and respiratory are rising. Cardiovascular is the only cause-specific death that is kept constant in time. All the causes of death considered show heterogeneous spatial and temporal variations among the municipalities, which sometimes change considerably within successive years. Mortality from infectious diseases clustered around the Northwestern municipalities in 2000, but changes to the Southeastern part in 2016, a similar development as external death causes. The study identifies areas with increased and decreased odds mortality and could be useful in disease monitoring, especially if we consider small spatial units.

RESUMO Este trabalho tem por objetivo estimar a mortalidade e analisar seus diferenciais por sexo, idade e grupos de beneficiários do Instituto Nacional de Seguro Social (INSS) brasileiro em 2015 e fazer comparações com estimativas oficiais para a população geral, avaliando a distribuição dos óbitos por idade e da sobrevida a partir dos 65 anos. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de mais estudos sobre diferenciais de mortalidade entre grupos de beneficiários e do contínuo investimento para a melhoria da qualidade dos dados. O envelhecimento populacional, entre outros aspectos, pressiona o sistema de previdência social brasileiro, com preocupação real sobre sua sustentabilidade. As tábuas de vida por subgrupos populacionais são fundamentais como ferramenta para análise do equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial do sistema. Os resultados contribuem para o debate sobre os diferenciais de mortalidade entre grupos de beneficiários do regimente geral de previdência e da seguridade social no Brasil. Os dados de óbitos e população são dos registros administrativos do INSS. Utilizaram-se os modelos Gompertz e Van der Maen e regressão Topals para estimar as taxas de mortalidade acima de 65 anos, segundo os seguintes grupos de beneficiários: aposentados por idade do Regime Geral de Previdência Social (RGPS) - desagregados por clientelas urbana e rural; aposentados por tempo de contribuição; e beneficiários de amparos assistenciais para idosos de baixa renda. Entre os principais resultados, foi possível minimizar o crossover nas taxas de mortalidade das idades avançadas, quando a mortalidade da população menos favorecida se torna menor do que a mortalidade de populações com melhores indicadores sociais. Cotejando os resultados com as estimativas oficiais de mortalidade, observou-se que as esperanças de vida para as idades de 65 e 75 anos para a população-alvo desse estudo são maiores do que na população geral.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to estimate mortality and analyze its differentials by sex, age, and groups of beneficiaries of the Brazilian National Institute of Social Security (INSS) in 2015 and make comparisons with official estimates for the general population, assessing the distribution of deaths by age and of survival after 65 years old. The results reinforce the need for more studies on mortality differentials between beneficiary groups and for continuous investment to improve the quality of the data. Population aging, among other aspects, puts pressure on the Brazilian social security system, and there is real concern about its sustainability. Life tables by population subgroups are fundamental as a tool for analyzing the financial and actuarial equilibrium of the system. The results contribute to the debate on the mortality differentials between groups of beneficiaries of the general pension and social security system in Brazil. The death and population data derive from the administrative records of the INSS. We used Gompertz and Van de Maen models and Topals regression to estimate the mortality rates above the age of 65, according to the following beneficiary groups: retirees through age of the General Social Security Regime (Regime Geral de Previdência Social - RGPS) - disaggregated by urban and rural clienteles; retirees through period of contribution; and beneficiaries of welfare support for low income seniors. Among the main results, it was possible to minimize the crossover in the mortality rates of older ages, when the mortality of the less advantaged population becomes lower than the mortality of populations with better social indicators. Cross-checking the results with the official mortality estimates, it was observed that life expectancies for the 65 and 75 year old age groups of the target population of this study are higher than in the general population.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To compare the death counts from three sources of information on mortality available in Brazil in 2010, the Mortality Information System (SIM - Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade ), Civil Registration Statistic System (RC - Sistema de Estatísticas de Resgistro Civil ), and the 2010 Demographic Census at various geographical levels, and to confirm the association between municipal socioeconomic characteristics and the source which showed the highest death count. METHODS This is a descriptive and comparative study of raw data on deaths in the SIM, RC and 2010 Census databases, the latter held in Brazilian states and municipalities between August 2009 and July 2010. The percentage of municipalities was confirmed by the database showing the highest death count. The association between the source of the highest death count and socioeconomic indicators - the Índice de Privação Brasileiro (IBP – Brazilian Deprivation Index) and Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IHDM – Municipal Human Development Index) - was performed by bivariate choropleth and Moran Local Index of Spatial Association (LISA) cluster maps. RESULTS Confirmed that the SIM is the database with the highest number of deaths counted for all Brazilian macroregions, except the North, in which the highest coverage was from the 2010 Census. Based on the indicators proposed, in general, the Census showed a higher coverage of deaths than the SIM and the RC in the most deprived (highest IBP values) and less developed municipalities (lowest IDHM values) in the country. CONCLUSION The results highlight regional inequalities in how the databases chosen for this study cover death records, and the importance of maintaining the issue of mortality on the basic census questionnaire.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To compare the death counts from three sources of information on mortality available in Brazil in 2010, the Mortality Information System (SIM - Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade ), Civil Registration Statistic System (RC - Sistema de Estatísticas de Resgistro Civil ), and the 2010 Demographic Census at various geographical levels, and to confirm the association between municipal socioeconomic characteristics and the source which showed the highest death count. METHODS This is a descriptive and comparative study of raw data on deaths in the SIM, RC and 2010 Census databases, the latter held in Brazilian states and municipalities between August 2009 and July 2010. The percentage of municipalities was confirmed by the database showing the highest death count. The association between the source of the highest death count and socioeconomic indicators - the Índice de Privação Brasileiro (IBP – Brazilian Deprivation Index) and Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IHDM – Municipal Human Development Index) - was performed by bivariate choropleth and Moran Local Index of Spatial Association (LISA) cluster maps. RESULTS Confirmed that the SIM is the database with the highest number of deaths counted for all Brazilian macroregions, except the North, in which the highest coverage was from the 2010 Census. Based on the indicators proposed, in general, the Census showed a higher coverage of deaths than the SIM and the RC in the most deprived (highest IBP values) and less developed municipalities (lowest IDHM values) in the country. CONCLUSION The results highlight regional inequalities in how the databases chosen for this study cover death records, and the importance of maintaining the issue of mortality on the basic census questionnaire.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade do registro de óbitos do Datasus, por sexo e estados brasileiros, e estimar as probabilidades de morte adulta, 45q15, por sexo e estados, entre 1980 e 2010. Métodos: O estudo foi baseado em dados de mortalidade obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade do Datasus, de 1980 a 2010, e em dados de população dos censos demográficos de 1980, 1991, 2000 e 2010. A avaliação da qualidade dos dados de registro foi feita utilizando-se métodos demográficos tradicionais e métodos de distribuição de mortes, e as probabilidades de morte foram calculadas a partir dos conceitos de tabelas de vida. Resultados: Os resultados indicam uma melhoria considerável do grau de cobertura de óbitos no Brasil desde 1980. Nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, observamos uma completa cobertura do registro de mortalidade adulta, o que não ocorria no decênio anterior. Por outro lado, no Nordeste e no Norte ainda existem localidades com baixo grau de cobertura entre 2000 e 2010. Em todos os estados do Brasil, observa-se um declínio da probabilidade de morte dos adultos. Observamos que as probabilidades de morte dos homens são muito mais elevadas do que as das mulheres. Conclusão: As melhorias observadas parecem estar relacionadas aos investimentos no sistema público de saúde e aos procedimentos administrativos para melhorar o registro dos eventos vitais.

ABSTRACT: Objective: Assess the completeness of the DataSUS SIM death-count registry, by sex and Brazilian state, and estimate the probability of adult mortality (45q15), by sex and state, from 1980 to 2010. Methods: The study was based on mortality data obtained in the DataSUS Mortality Information System, from 1980 to 2010, and on population data from the 1980, 1991, 2000, and 2010 demographic censuses. The quality assessment of the registry data was conducted using traditional demographic and death distribution methods, and death probabilities were calculated using life-table concepts. Results: The results show a considerable improvement in the completeness of the death-count coverage in Brazil since 1980. In the southeast and south, we observed the complete coverage of the adult mortality registry, which did not occur in the previous decade. In the northeast and north, there were still places with a low coverage from 2000 to 2010, although there was a clear improvement in the quality of data. For all Brazilian states, there was a decline in the probability of adult mortality; we observed, however, that the death probability for males is much higher than that for females throughout the whole analysis period. Conclusion: The observed improvements seem to be related to investments in the public health care system and administrative procedures to improve the recording of vital events.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade do registro de óbitos do Datasus, por sexo e estados brasileiros, e estimar as probabilidades de morte adulta, 45q15, por sexo e estados, entre 1980 e 2010. Métodos: O estudo foi baseado em dados de mortalidade obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade do Datasus, de 1980 a 2010, e em dados de população dos censos demográficos de 1980, 1991, 2000 e 2010. A avaliação da qualidade dos dados de registro foi feita utilizando-se métodos demográficos tradicionais e métodos de distribuição de mortes, e as probabilidades de morte foram calculadas a partir dos conceitos de tabelas de vida. Resultados: Os resultados indicam uma melhoria considerável do grau de cobertura de óbitos no Brasil desde 1980. Nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, observamos uma completa cobertura do registro de mortalidade adulta, o que não ocorria no decênio anterior. Por outro lado, no Nordeste e no Norte ainda existem localidades com baixo grau de cobertura entre 2000 e 2010. Em todos os estados do Brasil, observa-se um declínio da probabilidade de morte dos adultos. Observamos que as probabilidades de morte dos homens são muito mais elevadas do que as das mulheres. Conclusão: As melhorias observadas parecem estar relacionadas aos investimentos no sistema público de saúde e aos procedimentos administrativos para melhorar o registro dos eventos vitais.

ABSTRACT: Objective: Assess the completeness of the DataSUS SIM death-count registry, by sex and Brazilian state, and estimate the probability of adult mortality (45q15), by sex and state, from 1980 to 2010. Methods: The study was based on mortality data obtained in the DataSUS Mortality Information System, from 1980 to 2010, and on population data from the 1980, 1991, 2000, and 2010 demographic censuses. The quality assessment of the registry data was conducted using traditional demographic and death distribution methods, and death probabilities were calculated using life-table concepts. Results: The results show a considerable improvement in the completeness of the death-count coverage in Brazil since 1980. In the southeast and south, we observed the complete coverage of the adult mortality registry, which did not occur in the previous decade. In the northeast and north, there were still places with a low coverage from 2000 to 2010, although there was a clear improvement in the quality of data. For all Brazilian states, there was a decline in the probability of adult mortality; we observed, however, that the death probability for males is much higher than that for females throughout the whole analysis period. Conclusion: The observed improvements seem to be related to investments in the public health care system and administrative procedures to improve the recording of vital events.

Ipomoea carnea é uma planta tóxica para caprinos e bovinos, que podem desenvolver o hábito de ingeri-la de forma compulsiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de caprinos e ovinos habituados e não habituados a ingerir I. carnea. O estudo utilizou três grupos de cinco caprinos (Grupo 1, animais previamente intoxicados pela planta; Grupo 2, controle; Grupo 3, animais adaptados a ingerir a planta fresca) e dois grupos de cinco ovinos (Grupo 4, animais previamente intoxicados pela planta; e Grupo 5, controle). Para o teste, os animais foram introduzidos por 10 minutos, durante 4 dias consecutivos, em uma baia retangular (5x7m), com 4 caixas de alimentação, cada uma com 200g de um alimento diferente (Ipomoea carnea; concentrado comercial; capim verde recém colhido, principalmente Brachiaria spp.; e feno de Cynodon dactylon). A ingestão de concentrado foi significativamente maior (P<0,05) do que o consumo de capim verde, feno e I. carnea. Em um segundo ensaio de 4 dias, em que o concentrado foi substituído por Amorimia septentrionalis recém-colhida, a ingestão de capim verde (Brachiaria spp.) foi significativamente maior (P<0,05) do que o consumo dos outros alimentos. Em nenhuma das duas espécies, houve diferenças no comportamento ingestivo entre animais habituados e não habituados a ingerir I. carnea. Os resultados sugerem que ovinos e caprinos habituados e não habituados a ingerir I. carnea não preferem a planta quando é oferecida com outros alimentos ou forragens, o que sugere que os animais irão evitar a planta e não haverá intoxicação se outras opções de alimentos estão disponíveis.

Ipomoea carnea is a toxic plant that grazing goats and cattle may learn to ingest with repeated exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding preferences of experienced and non-experienced (naïve) goats and sheep for I. carnea.The study used 3 groups of 5 goats (Group 1, experienced that were previously poisoned by the plant; group 2, naïve; Group 3, experienced eaters, composed of animals adapted to eat the fresh plant) and 2 groups of sheep (group 4, experienced that were previously poisoned by the plant; and group 5, naïve). For the test, the animals were placed daily for 10 minutes and 4 days in a rectangular stall (5x7m) with 4 feeders, each with 200g of a different food (Ipomoea carnea, commercial concentrate food, recently harvested green grass (mainly Brachiaria spp.), and Cynodon dactylonhay. The intake of concentrate food was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the consumption of green grass, hay and I. carnea. In a second 4 day trial, in which the commercial concentrate food was replaced by freshly harvested Amorimia septentrionalis, the ingestion of green grass (Brachiaria spp.) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the consumption of other foods. In both trials there was no significant difference in food consumption between eaters and naïve animals. The results suggest that experienced or naïve sheep and goats do not prefer I. carnea when it is offered with other foods or forages, suggesting that animals will avoid the plant and not become poisoned if other food options are available.

O artigo tem como objetivo principal apresentar uma metodologia simples para estimar o grau de cobertura dos registros de óbitos e obter estimativas de mortalidade para pequenas áreas, usando Minas Gerais como exemplo. A metodologia proposta combina a padronização indireta da estrutura de mortalidade de áreas menores com base nas funções de mortalidade de áreas maiores, e depois a aplicação dos métodos de distribuição de mortes para obter estimativas mais robustas de mortalidade para áreas menores. Os resultados obtidos são robustos e adequados quando comparados com estimativas oficiais e usando outros métodos. As estimativas em dois estágios foram tão robustas que elas reduziram o sobre-registro de óbitos em alguns casos e melhorou as estimativas de mortalidade adulta em algumas áreas onde os dados são menos confiáveis.

This article aims to present a simple methodology to estimate the coverage of registration of deaths and obtain estimates of mortality for small areas, using the example of Minas Gerais. The proposed methodology combines the structure of indirect standardization of mortality of smaller areas based on the functions of mortality of larger areas and then applying the methods of distribution of deaths for more robust estimates of mortality for smaller areas. The results are robust and suitable compared to government estimates, and using other methods. The estimates produced using the two stages procedure, were robust and reduced cases of over- registration of deaths counts and improved estimates of adult mortality in some areas where data are less reliable.